OK so I was asked in chat to show some screenshots, because nobody understands exactly what I describe. Seems like this is a rather unique problem for me then?
I am not really sure how easy this will be to follow, because it is German and can be very app-specific, but there's a great one at the end, I guess everyone can agree...
Please do let me know any other commands or programs I can try to display more of what may be going wrong here!
Exhibit A: Mint 18 (old from earlier)
Login screen seems as expected:
https://i.imgur.com/ZKAJ7hG.png
I can wait here a number of minutes without anything unexpected happening.
Max. 2-3 max. after startup completed, mostly after pushing the mouse or clicking:
https://i.imgur.com/dSjoUwQ.png
Roughly translates to "Cinnamon crashed. You're in Fallback mode. Want to restart Cinnamon?"
Restarting will just repeat the cycle.
Trying to start the "Mudlet" application (which had been working flawlessly for months and years)
https://i.imgur.com/HMejoYb.png
Roughly translates to "Bus access error (memory copy written)"
I guess hardly anyone knows this application, but it's just one example really. It's written in C++ if that matters.
Another application regularly failing is the Mint updater, which fails to even download the requested files. (no matter which application should be updated) (but it is online alright)
Trying to shut down the machine (by clicking "shutdown" in menu)
https://i.imgur.com/WXt0lO0.png
gnome-keyring-deamon is still running but does not answer.
----
Exhibit B: MInt 20, installed fresh after noticing above
Right off the bat, after installation completed and machine restarted, the same Cinnamon crash occurs:
https://i.imgur.com/JSOCwTN.png
There is more text, but it basically says the same as above: "Fallback mode. Want to restart?"
You can set a checkbox here now, but it does not change anything, will still repeat the cycle.
-----
Exhibit C: Mint 20, installed once again for good measure
This even fails during installation. In fact, it hadn't even begun. This is from live CD version while asking for my name and computer name, as preparation for the installation:
https://i.imgur.com/G2NxWMr.png
"Error whily copying files to local drive" and "May be due to corrupt CD drive, medium or hard drive" - Note all of these were also used flawlessly for installation of exhibit B.
Another error (this time in English yay) after vouching to install multimedia codecs as part of Mint as well:
https://i.imgur.com/uA2Eayq.png
"ubi-partman failed" - the whole Installation fails here, could not be completed.
-----
Exhibit D, back in the Mint 18 machine
This time I didn't start Mint at all, instead started Memtest86+ directly from grub:
https://i.imgur.com/lCnAqxo.png
Result after 2 hours: 140,000 errors, 0 pass..! This is literally scrolling red lines nonstop!
Same test ran on further:
https://i.imgur.com/NEBMrK9.png
Result after 3 hours: 180.000 errors, 0 pass...!
For good measure, I also ran memtest on the host. There were exactly 0 errors there.
(no screenshot)
Also I only get reports like this inside the guest, never on any other host applications.
As additional bonus, here is some syslog for you, as I heard this may help as well:
https://i.imgur.com/33UIwSD.png
https://i.imgur.com/PM85F2f.png
https://i.imgur.com/cPosJp2.png