In VirtualBox on the host, I created a USB device filter for device 046D:0819, my Logitec webcam. This webcam has always worked fine in Ubuntu. When I boot the guest with the USB device filter, I do see a /dev/video0 device in the guest and it no longer shows up in the host. I think this is expected. But as soon as I try to use any software that uses video4linux, or which tries to access /dev/video0 within the guest, the device disappears from the guest.
Looking at dmesg in the guest, I see lots of lines like this:
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[ 62.850236] usb 1-1: new high speed USB device number 6 using ehci_hcd
[ 62.944329] usb 1-1: device descriptor read/8, error -32
[ 63.101419] usb 1-1: device descriptor read/8, error -32
[ 63.210336] hub 1-0:1.0: unable to enumerate USB device on port 1
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00:00:15.409 Guest Additions capability report: (0x5) seamless: yes, hostWindowMapping: no, graphics: yes
00:00:21.444 EHCI: USB Suspended
00:01:03.731 EHCI: USB Operational
00:01:11.294 EHCI: USB Suspended
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[72941.802162] uvcvideo: Found UVC 1.00 device <unnamed> (046d:0819)
[72941.902744] input: UVC Camera (046d:0819) as /devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.0/usb2/2-1/2-1.3/2-1.3.4/2-1.3.4:1.0/input/input9
[72980.614942] usb 2-1.3.4: USB disconnect, address 17
[72980.694504] usb 2-1.3.4: new full speed USB device using ehci_hcd and address 18
[72980.774068] usb 2-1.3.4: device descriptor read/64, error -32
[72980.963702] usb 2-1.3.4: device descriptor read/64, error -32
[72981.153249] usb 2-1.3.4: new full speed USB device using ehci_hcd and address 19